![]() 1935) and The Chronicle of Events of the Yellow River (Yellow River Conservancy Commission 2001). Statistics derived from records in The Chronicle of the Yellow River (Shen et al. Topographical view based on Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 90-m resolution data showing the locations and frequencies of flood events in the lower Yellow River in historical times. The co-evolution of river dynamics and Chinese society is remarkable, especially farming and soil erosion in the middle river, and central authority and river management in the lower river. The strength of the feedback loop was enhanced by farming of coarse-sediment producing areas, steep hillslope cultivation, and a new river management paradigm, and finally pushed the flood frequency to its climax in the seventeenth century. The popularization of iron plows and embankment of the lower river in the 4th century bc initiated a positive feedback loop on levee breaches. Technological and organizational innovations were dominant driving forces of the flood history. Flood dynamics are characterized by positive feedback loops, critical thresholds of natural processes, and abrupt transitions caused by socio-economic factors. We analyze 4000-year flood history of the lower Yellow River and the history of agricultural development in the middle river by investigating historical writings and quantitative time series data of environmental changes in the river basin.
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